Avascular Necrosis
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References:

1) Pappas JN. The Musculoskeletal Crescent Sign. Radiology 2000;217:213-214 [PDF]

2) Ficat RP. Idiopathic Bone Necrosis of the Femoral Head: Early Diagnosis and Treatment. J
Bone Joint Surg (Br):1985;67-B:3-9
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3) Steinberg ME, Hayken GD, Steinberg DR. A Quantitative System for Staging Avascular
Necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1995;77-B:34-41
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4) Steinberg ME, Steinberg DR. Classification systems for osteonecrosis: an overview. Orthop
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5) Watson RM, Roach NA, Dalinka MK. Avascular necrosis and bone marrow edema syndrome.
Radiol Clin N Am 2004;42:207-219
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6) Imhof H, Breitenseher M, Trattnig S. Imaging of avascular necrosis of bone.Eur Radiol
1997;7:180-186
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7) Jackson SM, Major NM. Pathologic conditions mimicking osteonecrosis. Orthop Clin N Am
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8) Zurlo JV. The Double-Line Sign. Radiology 1999;212(2):541-542 [PDF]

9) Malizos KN, Karantanas AH, Varitimidis SE. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: Etiology,
imaging and treatment. EJR 2007;63:16-28
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10) Stacy GS, Dixon LB. Pitfalls in MR Imaging Interpretation Prompting Referrals to an
Orthopedic Oncology Clinic. Radiographics 2007;27:805-828
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11) Kawamoto S, Earls JP, Bluemke DA. Fast Spin Echo T2-weighted Imaging of Hip
Osteonecrosis. http://cds.ismrm.org/ismrm-1998/PDF1/p0086.pdf
[PDF]