EIF

Echogenic Intracardiac Focus
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References:

1) Shipp TD, Bromley B, Lieberman E. The frequency of the detection of fetal echogenic
intracardiac focus with respect to maternal race. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15:460-462
[PDF]

2) Smith-Bindsman R, Hosmer W, Feldstein VA. Second-Trimester Ultrasound to Detect Fetuses
with Down Syndrome. JAMA 2001;285(8):1044-1055 [PDF]

3) Van den Hof MC, Wilson RD. Fetal Soft Markers in Obstetric Ultrasound. J Obstet Gynaecol
Can 2005;27(6):592-612 [PDF]

4) Rochon M, Eddleman K. Controversial ultrasound findings. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 2004;31:
61-99 [PDF]

5) Wolman I, Jaffa A, Geva E. Intracariac Echogenic Focus: No Apparent Association with
Structural Cardiac Abnormality. Fetal Diagn Ther 2000;15:216-218 [PDF]

6) Bettelheim D, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G. The value of echogenic foci (‘golfballs’) in the fetal
heart as a marker of chromosomal abnormalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;14:98-100
[PDF]

7) Fischer RL, Sveinbjornsson GL. Influence of Fetal Heart Orientation on the Sonographic
Identification of an Echogenic Intracardiac Focus in the Left Ventricle. JDMS 2006;22:48-52 [PDF]

8) Bromley B, Lieberman E, Shipp TD. Significance of an Echogenic Intracardiac Focus in
Fetuses at High and Low Risk for Aneuploidy. J Ultrasound Med 1998;17:127-131 [PDF]

9) Wax JR, Philput C. Fetal Intracardiac Echogenic Foci: Does It Matter Which Ventricle? J
Ultrasound Med 1998;17:141-144 [PDF]

10) Winter TC, Anderson AM, Cheng EY. Echogenic Intracardiac Focus in 2nd-Trimester Fetuses
with Trisomy 21: Usefulness as a US Marker. Radiology 2000;216:450-456 [PDF]

11) Coco C, Jeanty P, Jeanty C. An Isolated Echogenic Heart Focus Is Not an Indication for
Amniocentesis in 12,672 Unselected Patients. J Ultrasound Med 2004;23:489-496 [PDF]

12) Manning JE, Ragavendra N, Sayre J. Significance of Fetal Intracardiac Echogenic Foci in
Relation to Trisomy 21: A Prospective Sonographic Study of High-Risk Pregnant Women. AJR
1998;170:1083-1084 [PDF]

13) Winn VD, Sonson J,Filly RA. Echogenic Intracardiac Focus: Potential for Misdiagnosis. J
Ultrasound Med 2003;22:1207-1214 [PDF]

14) Shanks AL, Odibo AO, Gray DL. Echogenic Intracardiac Foci: Associated With Increased
Risk for Fetal Trisomy 21 or Not? J Ultrasound Med 2009;28:1639-1643 [PDF]

15) Bromley B, Lieberman E, Laboda L. Echogenic Intracardiac Focus: A Sonographic Sign for
Fetal Down Syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:998-1001 [PDF]

16) Sotiriadis A, Makrydimas G, Ioannidis JPA. Diagnostic Performance of Intracardiac
Echogenic Foci for Down Syndrome: A Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:1009-1016
[PDF]

17) Bronshtein M, Jakobi P, Ofir C. Multiple Fetal Intracardiac Echogenic Foci: Not Always A
Benign Sonographic Finding. Prenatal Diagnosis 1996;16:131-135 [PDF]

18) Wax JR, Cartin A, Pinette MG. Are Intracardiac Echogenic Foci Markers of Congenital Heart
Disease in the Fetus With Chromosomal Abnormalities? J Ultrasound Med 2004;23:895-898
[PDF]

19) Tran SH, Caughey AB, Norton ME. Ethnic variation in the prevalence of echogenic
intracardiac foci and the association with Down syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005;26:
158-161 [PDF]

20) Levine D, Mehta TS, Min KK. Technical Factors Influencing Sonographic Visualization of
Fetal Echogenic Intracardiac Foci. J Clin Ultrasound 2000;28:479-484 [PDF]

21) Koklanaris N, Roman AS, Perle MA. Isolated echogenic intracardiac foci in patients with low-
risk triple screen results: assessing the risk of Trisomy 21. J Perinat Med 2005;33:539-542 [PDF]

22) Nyberg DA, Souter VL. Sonographic Markers of Fetal Trisomies: Second Trimester. J
Ultrasound Med 2001;20:655-674 [PDF]

23) Wax JR, Mather RJ, Chen MC. A preliminary study of sonographic grading of fetal
intracardiac echogenic foci: feasibility, reliability and association with aneuploidy. Ultrasound
Obstet Gynecol 2000;16:124-127 [PDF]

24) Wax JR, Michael A, Pinette MG. Sonographic Grading of Fetal Intracardiac Echogenic Foci in
a Population at Low Risk of Aneuploidy. J Clin Ultrasound 2003;31:31-38 [PDF]

25) Filly RA, Benacerraf BR, Nyberg DA. Choroid Plexus Cyst and Echogenic Intracardiac Focus
in Women at Low Risk for Chromosomal Anomalies. J Ultrasound Med 2004;23:447-449 [PDF]

26) Doubilet PM, Copel JA, Benson CB. Choroid Plexus Cyst and Echogenic Intracardiac Focus
in Women at Low Risk for Chromosomal Anomalies: The Obligation to Inform the Mother. J
Ultrasound Med 2004;23:883-885 [PDF]

27) Nyberg DA, Souter VL, El-Bastawissi A. Isolated Sonographic Markers for Detection of Fetal
Down Syndrome in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20:1053-1063
[PDF]

28) Filly RA. Echogenic Intracardiac Foci and Choroid Plexus Cyst. J Ultrasound Med 2004;23:
1130-1139 [PDF]

29) Ouzounian JG, Ludington C, Chan S. Isolated choroid plexus cyst or echogenic intracardiac
focus on prenatal ultrasound: is genetic amniocentesis indicated? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;
196:595.e1-595.e3 [PDF]

30) Thilaganathan B, Olawaiye A, Sairam S. Isolated fetal echogenic intracardiac foci or golf
balls: is karyotyping for Down's syndrome indicated? BJOG 1999;106:1294-1297 [PDF]

31) Bethune M. Time to reconsider our approach to echogenic intracardiac focus and choroid
plexus cysts. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;48:137-
141 [PDF]

32) Bethune M. Management options for echogenic intracardiac focus and choroid plexus cysts:
A review including Australian Association of Obstetrical and Gynaecological Ultrasonologists
consensus statement. Australasian Radiology 2007;51:324-329 [PDF]

33) Smith-Bindman R, Chu P, Goldberg JD. Second trimester prenatal ultrasound for the
detection of pregnancies at increased risk of Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2007;535-544
[PDF]