Normal Marrow
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References:

1) Shah LM, Hanrahan CJ. MRI of Spinal Bone Marrow: Part I, Techniques and Normal Age-Related
Appearances. AJR 2011;197:1298-1308
[PDF]

2) Vogler III JB, Murphy WA. Bone Marrow Imaging. Radiology 1988;168:679-693 [PDF]

3) Vande Berg BC, Malghem J, Lecouvet FE. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal bone marrow. Skeletal
Radiol 1998;27:471-483
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4) Schweitzer ME, Levine C, Mitchell DG. Bull’s-Eyes and Halos: Useful MR Discriminators of Osseous
Metastases. Radiology 1993;188:249-252
[PDF]


5) Carroll KW, Feller JF, Tirman PFJ. Useful Internal Standards for Distinguishing Infiltrative Marrow Pathology
from Hematopoietic Marrow at MRI. JMRI 1997;7:394-398
[PDF]


6)  Vande Berg BC, Leouvet FE, Galant C. Normal Variants of the Bone Marrow at MR Imaging of the Spine.
Semin Musculoskeletal Radiol 2009;13:87-96
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7)  Zhao J, Krug R, Xu D. MRI of the Spine: Imaging Quality and Normal-Neoplastic Bone Marrow Contrast at 3 T
Versus 1.5 T. AJR 2009;192:873-880
[PDF]


8)  Ricci C, Cova M, Kang YS. Normal Age-Related Patterns of Cellular and Fatty Bone Marrow Distribution in the
Axial Skeleton: MR Imaging Study. Radiology 1990;177:83-88
[PDF]


9)  Vande Berg BC, Malghem J, Lecouvet FE. Magnetic resonance imaging of normal bone marrow. Eur Radiol
1998;8:1327-1334
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10)  Hwang S, Panicek DM. Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in oncology, Part 1. Skeletal Radiol
2007;36:913-920
[PDF]


11) Sebag GH, Moore SG. Effect of Trabecular Bone on the Appearance of Marrow in Gradient-Echo Imaging of
the Appendicular Skeleton. Radiology 1990;174:855-859
[PDF]


12) Stacy GS, Dixon LB. Pitfalls in MR Image Interpretation Prompting Referrals to an Orthopedic Oncology
Clinic. Radiographics 2007;27:805-826
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13) Andrews CL. Evaluation of the Marrow Space in the Adult Hip. Radiographics 2000;20:S27-S42 [PDF]


14) Vanel D, Bittoun J, Tardivon A. MRI of bone metastases. Eur Radiol 1998;8:1345-1351 [PDF]


15) Zawin JK, Jaramillo D. Conversion of Bone Marrow in the Humerus, Sternum, and Clavicle: Changes with
Age on MR Images. Radiology 1993;188:159-164
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16)  Moore SG, Dawson KL. Red and Yellow Marrow in the Femur: Age-related Changes in Appearance at MR
Imaging. Radiology 1990;175:219-223
[PDF]


17) Waitches G, Zawin JK, Poznanski AK. Sequence and Rate of Bone Marrow Conversion in the Femora of
Children as Seen on MR Imaging: Are Accepted Standards Accurate? AJR 1994;162:1399-1406
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18) Laor T, Jaramillo D. MR Imaging Insight into Skeletal Maturation: What Is Normal? Radiology 2009;250(1):28-
38
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19)  Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Bone Marrow in Hematologic
Malignancies. Blood 1997;90(6):2127-2147
[PDF]