Normal Thymus
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References:

1) Francis IR, Glazer GM, Bookstein FL. The Thymus: Reexamination of Age-Related Changes in
Size and Shape. AJR 1985;145:249-254
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2) Baron RL, Lee JKT, Sagel SS. Computed Tomography of the Normal Thymus. Radiology
1982;142:121-125
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3) Moore AV, Korobkin M, Olanow W. Age-Related Changes in the Thymus Gland: CT-Pathologic
Correlation. AJR 1983;141:241-246
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4) Heiberg E, Wolverson MK, Sundaram M. Normal Thymus: CT Characteristics in Subjects
Under Age 20. AJR 1982;138:491-494
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Thymic Remnant. Clinical Radiology 1981;32:255-257 [PDF]

6) De Geer G, Webb WR, Gamsu G. Normal Thymus: Assessment with MR and CT. Radiology
1986;158:313-317
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7) Siegel MJ, Glazer HS, Wiener JI. Normal and Abnormal Thymus in Childhood: MR Imaging.
Radiology 1999;172:367-371
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8) St. Amour TE, Siegel MJ, Glazer HS. CT Appearances of the Normal and Abnormal Thymus in
Childhood. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 1987;11(4):645-650
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9) Nishino M, Ashiku SK, Kocher ON. The Thymus: A Comprehensive Review. Radiographics
2006;26:335-348
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10) Nasseri F, Eftekhari F. Clinical and Radiologic Review of the Normal and Abnormal Thymus:
Pearls and Pitfalls. Radiographics 2010;30:413-428
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11) Ackman JB, Wu CC. MRI of the Thymus. AJR 2011;197:W15-W20 [PDF]

12) Takahashi K, Al-Janabi NJ. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of
Mediastinal Tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010;32:1325-1339
[PDF]

13) Takahashi K, Inaoka T, Murakami N. Characterization of the Normal and Hyperplastic
Thymus on Chemical-Shift MR Imaging. AJR 2003;180:1265-1269
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14) Inaoka T, Takahashi K, Mineta M. Thymic Hyperplasia and Thymus Gland Tumors:
Differentiation with Chemical Shift MR Imaging. Radiology 2007;243(3):869-876
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15) Inaoka T, Takahashi K, Iwata K. Evaluation of Normal Fatty Replacement of the Thymus With
Chemical-Shift MR Imaging for Identification of the Normal Thymus. Journal of Magnetic
Resonance Imaging 2005;22:341-346
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